ASHCROFT, ATTORNEY GENERAL, et al. v. FREE SPEECH COALITION et al.
CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
No.00-795. Argued October 30, 2001 - Decided April 16, 2002
2002.6.12 OJ
2002.6.25 㔼J
2002.7.23 EPCienartj
2002.7.30 Q̈ꕔCienartj
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Opinion of the Court
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X͂̑iׂɂāA1996N̎|mhNo.104-358, 22(1996)& N. Hunter, Sexuality, Gender, and the Law 1021-1022(1997)i39BƃRrAʋł͍ӔN16ႢjBAҒB̒̂҂Aނ玩g̋C܂͔ނ炪Is҂̔Q҂ł邽߂ɁA@NȑOɐsׂ邱ƂےłȂB
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10̐sׂƎqǂ̐Is҂ƂQ‚̃e[}́A̕wiɐ܂ĂBEBAEVFCNXsÁAЕ͂13ƂAłL10̗lnB See Romeo and juliet, act T,sc. 2, l. 9igޏ14ɂȂ悤ɂ͌Ȃhj@̒ŁAVFCNXsA͂̊W炵Cɕ`Ă邪Ał͂ȂB̍i͏ȂƂ40̉fŁA10̏Nނ̊W𐫌邱ƂɂĊSȂ̂ƂĂ邱ƂÎāAĂBE.g., Romeo and Juliet(B. Luhrmann director, 1996)@VFCNXsA̓GUxX̊ϋq̂߂ɁAȐIȃV[`ȂmȂBÅē‚́A蕽}ȃAv[`̗pāAi킢‚Ȃ̂łƂ_ɂȂ悤ɂB
̉f́A悤ȃe[}ǂ߂ĂBÑAJf~[܂Best PictureɃm~l[gꂽfTrafficB See Predictable and Less So, the Academy Award Contenders, N.Y. Times, Feb. 14, 2001, p. E11.@̉f͖ɂڂ10|16ƂĂ|`ĂB҂́Aޏ̖pɂ—ƁAŌɂ͔ޏsȕŖ̂߂ɃZbNX̂B@PNOAAmerican BeautyAJf~[܂Best PictureƂB See "American Beauty" Tops the Oscars, N.Y. Times, Mar.27, 2000, p.E1.@̉f̒ł́A10̏ޏ10̃{[CthƐIWсAāAʂ̎q͊邱Ƃɐg䂾˂ĂBf͂܂Aϋq͂̍sׂsĂȂƗ邩mȂALN^[A10̏NN̒jƐsׂsĂ̂AƐMAƂV[܂łB
米国が必要です
X̎Љł́A̕ƓlɁA҂̉^ɋAs̖͂B|p╶ẃAX݂ȂĂqǂ̐li`ւ̋\ĂB͉X‚Ēm悤ɁAQ킵A[]ɂȂAߌIȑI~X肷邱Ƃ邪AIȍs⎩ȒB܂肪͈͂͂ɂ鎞B@XyĂf悪CPPAɈᔽ邩ǂA@߂̋֎~̍L͈͂ɓe[}B̉fA̐Ŝ蒍ړx̗f悪A@߂̒`̐Isׂ̃OtBbN\P‚ł܂łƁẢf̏L҂́Aỉl钲ɁAKvƂ邱ƂɂȂB́AC̃[̎|ƖBFǐ|pIĺAP‚̂ǂV[݂̑ɍEȂB see Book named "John Cleland's Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure" v. Attorney General of mass., 383 U.S.413, 419 (1966)iӌjig{̎ЉIĺA킢‚ȕ\▾ȍUɂĕsƂȂAꂽ肵ȂhjMiller̉ł́AĆA]̉ɂ‚āAiŜƂčlĔf邱ƂvĂBƂ̃V[ǗsȕłĂÃV[̈ꕔɂƂRŁA̍î킢‚Ȃ̂Ƃ͂ȂȂB See Kois v. Wilsconsin, 408 U.S. 229,231(1972)(per curiam)@̗RɂāAXyc̍iACPPÁA̋֎~Ƃ킢‚̒`ɂċ֎~Ăcommunity standardsւ̕JƂ̊ԂɗvĂ֘AĂƂRŁA킢‚֎~ƓǂނƂ͂łȂB
{́ACPPAɂċ֎~錾_́AFerberɊÂ|mƂقƂNjʂłȂ̂ŁAiɉl܂܂Ă邩ǂCɂ邱Ɩɋ֎~ėǂAƕ\ĂBSee New York v. Ferber, 458 U.S.,at 761.@C[Wq̐Is҂̎YłƂ́AFerbeŕAƂeɂ‚Ă̔fɔr邱ƂɊSĂƔF肵ĂBId.,at 761, n. 12; see also id.,at 775(O'CONNER,J.,concurring) (gĂł́Aj[[N̖@߂͓̊TO̒ʐM}悤ƂĂȂhj@i̓eł͂ȂAi̐Y@߂̑ΏۂłB܂߂ȕw|p⑼̉l܂íAɊWqɔQꍇ͋ȂBPɁAgIiɑR~jeB̋eƁAq𐫓I悩邱ƂړIƂ@̋e͈͂vƂƂIłBh Id., at 761, n.12.
FerbeŕA|m̔̔ƔЕzA̐YƓlɋ֎~邱ƂxBȂȂA̍sׂ͂Q‚̂Ƃq̐Is҂Ɓg{IɊ֘AhłBId., at 759.@ɁAs҂̉ivIȋL^ɂāAɊ֗^́A̗ʂ̂тɏ‚B_ʑ@̂悤ɁǍ_Vs邽тɁAq̕]Ɗ̈JVɏ‚B See id., at 759 and n.10.@ɁA|m̔́A̐Yî߂̌oϊł̂ŁA̔Еzlbg[NՒf邱ƂɍƂ̗vBg@̎{šIȕ@ƂāȂfނ̎sオ点邽߂ɂ́A̐YiALA̐`肷邱ƂɌYȂƂAƂvȕ@BhId., at 760@ǂ̗_IɂĂǍ_ɂ́A@삪Aƍ߂Ƃ̒ڂ̊֘A琶̂łƔf̂B
ɁAOsborne (Osborne v. Ohio, 495 U.S. 103(1990)) ŁA@́ÂƂ𐳓A̎qg|m̏L֎~邱Ƃ߂Bg|m̋]҂̕یƂƂ̊S̏dvhAƂ́gdistribution chain̂iKŁÄ₵悤ƂhƂꂽBId., at 110.@Osborne͂܂AƂA|mN҂̂ړIŎgĂƂƂW悤ƂSAĂƂɒڂBId., at 111.@@́AȂA|m̏ĹA̎Q҂ł邢g|m̔QҁhQAƂƂ蒅B Id., at 110.@̊SĂA̐{̊S\łƂ͒ĂĂȂB See infra, at 13-15.
Ferber̂悤ɁA_̂̂Is҂̋L^ł錾_Ƃ͑ΏƓIɁACPPA͔ƍ߂L^̂łȂAY̍ۂɔQ҂Ȃ_֎~B@[`|ḿAq̐Is҂Ɓg{IɊ֘Aĥł͂ȂAFerbeȓfނB458 U.S.,at759.@{͂̃C[WIs҂̎Ƃ咣邪 see infra, at 13-16 AʊẂAsłAԐړIłB̔Q́Ǎ_KRIɋN̂ł͂ȂǍ̔ƍߍsׂ̐ʂŕ\Ȃ"\Ɉ˂̂łB
ゼネラルモーターズ（GM）のウェブサイトはどのように信頼性と有効です。
{́AFerber|m͂߂ɉl̂錾_ɂȂȂƔF߂Ă̂ÅԐړIȔQŏ\łƌB See 458 U.S.,at 762iĝ̂āAq킢‚Ȑsׂɏ]Ăʐ^̕‚邱Ƃ̉l͔ɂ₩łhj A̘_ɂ͂Q‚̎_BP‚́A|mɂ‚ĂFerber̔f́Aꂪǂ̂悤ɍꂽɊb̂łAꂪ`Ă邱Ƃɂ͂ĂȂB̌́A_킢‚łIs҂̎YłȂƂAC̕ی͈̔͊Oɂ͂ȂȂƂĊmFꂽB See id., at 764-765 igsׂ̋Lq⑼̕`ʂ̔ЕźA̓_ł͂킢‚łȂA܂Aʐ^⑼̎̉f܂łȂAC̕ی삪yԁhj
{̗̑̎_́AFerbeŕA|m`Ƃĉl̂Ȃ̂ƔfĂ͂ȂƂƂBtɁA@́ÃJeS̍iɏdvȉl‚̂邱ƂF߂Ă see id., at 761B@[`C[W|CPPAɂċ֎~Ă悤Ȃ́|ɈˑĂ̂́ApiłAꂽ\̕@łƂĂBgɁAiɕw|p̉lKvƂȂA@NȏŎႭlԂ͎gƂłB@߂̋֎~̊ÕV~[V́Aʂ̑piłh Id., at 763@FerbeŕA݂Ɖz̎|m̈ႢA̔x鍪ƂĂBFerbeŕAʂ菜A܂֕ƍ߂Ƃ@߂ɁA̎x^ĂȂB
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CPPÁAXׂƂł́AMillerɖAFerber̎xȂB{͕ʂ̕@ł̋֎~̐߂ĂByhtBAqUf邽߂Ƀ@[`|mgp邩ȂACPPAKvłƎ咣ĂBAfrfIQ[LfB[̂悤ɁAꎩg͖QłĂAsȖړIɎgꂽȂ̂͑邪AX͂炪pꂤ邩Ƃċ֎~邱Ƃ߂ĂȂBA{͎qɓKĂȂfނlėǂ see Ginsberg v. NewYork,390 U.S. 629(1968) As@ȗUfɌYėǂBA͊mĂ邪Al̕Œ_AqɂȂ悤ɂ邽߂ɁASɒقׂł͂ȂB See Sable Communications of Cal., Innc. v. FCC,492 U.S.115(1989).@Butler( Butler v. Michigan,352 U.S. 380,381(1957)) ł́A@́AgN̖\͓IA—AsȍsׂUhX邱Ƃ݂ȏoŕ̔s֎~Ƃ@߂AɂB@́AvŁAƂ́glɎqɂ킹݂̂̂ǂ܂悤ɂhƂ͂łȂƂAC̎|ƈvB Id .,at 383.@X͂̔fĊmFB See United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group, Inc.,529 U.S.803,814(2000) igqƂړÍA̕ی삪ȂiɂĐƂĂAIȋ֎~xɂ͏\ł͂Ȃhj Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union, 521 U.S.,at 875igqLQȑfނƂƂ̗Q́ccľ_ւ̕Kv̂ȂL͂ȗ}𐳓Ȃhj Sable Communication v. FCC, supra, at 130-131igdial-a-pornhbZ[W̋֎~́AhƂqɂƂēKĂ邩ƂRŁAl̓db̓e𐧌͖̂łhƂȂĂj
ŁA{́AqɌ_BƂ]łB͂̓eނ̂ł͂ȂAނ𑼂̔ƍ߂ƂlԂ邽߂BA{͑lɂ킹_Aꂪq̎蒆Ɋׂ邩ȂƌRŋ֎~邱Ƃ͂łȂAƂ́A܂cĂB̍߈A҂̕s@ȍsׂɈ˂ĂƁǍ_Ƃ̊֘A͗āA̍sׂ͔ƍ߂ƒ`B͌_̋֎~͌ɂ͕ȂƂmBړI͕s@ȍsׂ̋֎~A̐́A@Iȑlpł錾_K邱ƂɂāAɂ闘vzĂ܂B
{͂ɁA@[`|m̓yhtBA̗~Aނs@ȍsׂɏ]悤AƈӌoB̘_Ił́Ȁ𐳓ƔF߂邱Ƃ͂łȂBs@ȍsׂ𑣂Ƃ_̌Xł́A֎~̂ɏ\ȗRł͂ȂB{́g@AO̎IȍlRg[邱Ƃ]܂AƂƂ@̑OƂďqׂ邱Ƃ͂łȂBh Stanley v. Georgia, 394 U.S.557,566(1969).@{vzRg[悤ƂAeFړI̖@𐳓悤ƂƂAC̎R͊@ɊׂBl錠͎R̎n܂łA_͎vl̎n܂ł邪̂ɁA{ȂȂȂB
あなたは日本語で父親をどのように言うんだ
̎Rی삷邱ƂƁÂ߂Ɍ_邱ƁA@̏C̎ɂ́AtƍsׁAlƍsׂ̊ԂɁAdȋʂBSee Kingsley Int'l Pictures Corp., 360 U.S.,at 689; see also Bartnicki v. Vopper,532 U.S. 514,529(2001)igs@ȍsׂ߂镁ʂ̕@́A̍sׂlԂɓKȔȂƂhj@{́AgsmȖɁhs@ȍsׂs@邽߁A_֎~Ă͂ȂB Hess v. Indiana, 414 U.S. 105, 108(1973)(per curiam).@{́A@̈ᔽ\͂̎gp句錾_Ag̏A@ȍsׂUN肷ړIłÂ悤ȍsׂUN肵悤ƂĂƂhɌāA}ĂǂB Brandenburg v. Ohio, 395 U.S.444,447(1969)(per curiam).@ɂ͊ĂqAdȂB{́AlՓ𑣂_ƁAs҂̌ʂƂ̊Ԃ́AԐړIȊWBȂ苭A蒼ړIȊWɁA{̓yhtBAs@ȍsׂɏ]邱Ƃ̂Ă邩ȂŁA_֎~邱Ƃ͂łȂB
{͎ɁAsꂩ݂̎qgp|mOtB邽߂ɁA@[`C[Wlɋ֎~KvƎ咣B@[`C[ẂA{̎咣ɂA݂̎qgpƌȂB͓s̈ꕔłAΌĂB̓_ł́A@[`C[ẂA݂̎q̍ɂčꂽi̎𑣐iƌĂB̉́AԂM̂łBɃ@[`C[W@̎|mƐȂ̂ƂA@̃C[W͖@ɂĎsꂩǂĂ邾낤Bz̃Rs[^̃C[Wŏ\łA݂̎qs҂Ă邱Ƃɂđiǂ̊댯`|m҂͂قƂǂȂ낤B
FerberɂăJo[Ăfނ̏ꍇ́A_̍쐬ꎩ̂As҂̔ƍ߂łA֎~͗vړI邱ƂɂĔƍ߂߂B See Osborne,495 U.S., at 109-110.@ABꂽƍ߂ɂ́A@ׂ͂Ă̏ꍇɌ_̗}Ă킯ł͂ȂB E.g., Bartnicki,supra,at 529 is̗}~́A@WIRe[^[Ɉ@ŎՒfꂽ_`邱Ƃ֎~Ă悤ɁAĂȂj@X͂̃P[Xɂ‚āABꂽƍ߂Ƃ݂Ȃ߁AoXƂ邱ƂlKv͂ȂBƂA{̎s}~_镶̒ŐꂽƂĂA̖@߂͐Ȃ낤B
ŌɁA{̓Rs[^C[WɂĐYC[ẂA݂̎qg|m̐҂iǂ̂ƂĂ"\ƌĂBƂ́AG݂̎qgčꂽARs[^C[WgčꂽǂƂ͓AƉXɓ`ĂB̋c_ł́AKvȉ@͗̎ނ̃C[W֎~邱ƂƂĂB̋c_́AAی삳ꂽ_ی삳ĂȂ_֎~邽߂ɋ֎~Ă悢AƂĂB͂́̕AC߂ႭɂĂ܂B
{́As@Ȍ_}iƂč@Ȍ_}Ă͂ȂȂBی삳Ă錾_́Aی삳ĂȂ_ɎĂƌŕی삳ĂȂ_ɂ͂ȂȂB@͂̋tvĂBgی삳ĂȂ_ꂸɋ邱ƂŎЉɋN肤댯A̕ی삳ꂽ_ق"\̂قAdvłBh Broadrick v. Oklahoma,413 U.S.,at 612. ߓx̍LĐ̌́Aی삳ĂȂ_̋֎~̉ߒőȗʂ̕ی삳ꂽ_֎~ꂽ苺ꂽ肷̂ȂA{ɕی삳ĂȂ_֎~邱Ƃ֎~ĂB
ً̈č͂邽߂ɁA{CPPAA_̗}ƂƂĂł͂ȂA_@ł邱Ƃ̏ؖӔCꂽɈڍsiƂēǂނׂłAƂ悤ɉXɓǂ܂悤ƂB̓_ɊւẮA{́Afނl݂̂gčĂāA݂̎q`ʂƂۂ`ĂȂƂƂŁAłᔽɂLߔ邱ƂłAϋɓIRقƂȂAƌĂB See 18 U.S.C $2252A(c).
{́A퍐Ɏ̌_@łȂƂؖӔCۂƂ邱ƂɂāA[Ȍ@̍NĂBϋɓIRق́Aiǂn܂ɓKpAَ҂́Aᔽd߂̗Lߔ镨Ɗo債ĎgؖȂȂ炸Aނ̍sׂ͐ϋɓIRق͈͓̔ƂȂBCPPA̎ł́A؋̐ӔCׂ͍ȂƂł͂ȂB퍐i̐҂ł͂ȂƂAނɂ̖͂҂̓⑶݂ؖ@Ȃ낤B؋̖肪{ɂƂĐ[ȖłA͏ȂƂȀL҂ɂ͓ƂƎ咣B@߂͂1996NȑOɂ‚ꂽiɂKpA̐҂A̋L^ی삹ɁAؐӔCKvBRق̏ؖ̎śAd߂̗Lߐ鍐邱ƂƂȂB
X́A{̐ӔCbɉۂǂ߂KvȂBƂϋɓIRقɂāA@߂C̒킩邱ƂłƂĂAł͂̍Rقł͕sSłAs\łBRŗL߂鍐ĂĂAނ͂̐Ŏq悳ĂȂƂؖ邱ƂłBA defendant charged with possessing, as opposed to distributing, proscribed works may not defend on the ground that the film depicts only adult actors.@See ibid.@ϋɓIRق́Af搻҂̔Еz̍sׂɂ‚Ă̑iǂĂ邩ȂA҂Ƃdistribution chainׂ̂Ă̑̐lXɁA֎~ꂽiLӔCׂłƂ邱ƂłBɁAϋɓIRق́ARs[^C[Wgp_lԂANɌl̖҂̎gp܂܂Ȃ̕@ɂ͕ی^ȂB See ibid.@̃P[Xł́A퍐ÃC[W̍쐬̍ۂɎq‚ĂȂƂؖ邱Ƃł邪AϋɓIRق͑iǂWȂB̗RɂāAC[W݂̎qgčĂ邩A@[`ȕgčĂ̂ʂƂƂɑ鐭{̊SƂ͌т‚ȂAȂ̗ʂ̌_ی삳ĂȂ܂܂Ƃ邽߁AϋɓIRق͖@邱Ƃ͂łȂB
vɁA$2256(8)(B)FerberMillerŔF肳ĂJeSzfނJo[ĂāA̗RƂāA{͔CŐĂȂA_̎R̐xAĂĂB̏́AȂ̗ʂ̍@IȌ_Ɋւ闝R팸B̗RɂāA̖@߂͉ߓx̍LĐłAጛłB
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㍐l͓l$2256(8)(D)ɂ킵ĂB̏́hLA`A㉉A`ʁAЕzȂǂ̕@ŁAN҂Ȑsׂɏ]Ă鎋oI\A͂܂ޑfނ̈ۂ`邱ƁhƂȐsׂ̕`ʂ֎~ĂB҂͂̃ZNV|mɌfނ֎~ƂقƂǓ̕ƂĈĂB{̌ł́ÂQ‚̈Ⴂ́Ageۂ`f́ARcɁȂfނ̑_̐`̂lĕ]邱ƂvĂBh Brief for Petitioners 18, n.3.@{̑zł́AȂǍ͂܂Ƃċ֎~ꂽi̓eɈ˂ĂB
X͂̌ɈًcBCPPÁAN`ʂgۂ`hIɖȑfނ֎~ĂB̃t[Y$2256(8)(B)́g`̂悤ɂ݂ĥ̋֎~̂悤ɕ邩ȂA͂̃C[W̓eɂ‚ĔvĂB$2256(8)(D)̉ł́Ai͖ɐIȕłȂȂȂȂ̓_ł́Ae͊WȂBf悪N܂ސIɖȃV[܂łȂĂA^CgƗ\҂̉fɂ̂悤ȃV[Ƃۂ`ĂA|mƂĈB́Aǂ̂悤Ɍ_\Ă邩Ō܂A`ʂĂ镨ł͌܂ȂB@̎F́A|m̂悤ɌfނɂĎoꂽɏڍׂɎgł邪AVvȂ̂C[WɂĎoQɂ͒قĂB
{́Ȁ̐^ȍRقoĂȂACPPAx鑼̋c_$2256(8)(D)ɊւďqׂĂȂBfނ́AƂAYٔŎ|mɂ‚čł͂ȂB@́Am|młƁnGꍞ݂sׂAfނ킢‚ǂƂ^̏؋Ɗ֘AĂAƔF肵B See Ginzburg v. United States,383 U.S.463,474(1966)ig߂P[XŐGꍞ݂邱Ƃ̏؋Ȃfނ̐ɊւẮA؋ƂȂ邩ȂB䂦킢ƒeXghj@퍐Ag킢‚ȃAs[̂߂ɐ{̏ƓIph id., at 466 邱ƂɊ֗^ĂƂAނ܂͔ޏ삵́Afނ̔ɏdȊւ肪邾낤B
$2256(8)(D)ł́AȂAGinzburg̗_I̊Oɂ邩Ȃ̗ʂ̌_֎~ĂB֎~͈͓̔̑fނ́Aꂪǂ̂悤ɔꂽAsɂłA`ʂꂽƌƂɉ̐ӔCȂĂALQłȀL͈@łB@߂́AɁȀgƓIph݂̎̈‚ł邱ƂvĂȂB Ibid.@ʂƂāACPPÁA|m̐Gꍞ݂֎~ȏ̂̂ƂȂĂB́B|m`AGꍞ肷ȉLAdistribution chain̑iKŋ֎~B̏́ARɂꂪ֎~Ăf悾Ǝv킹ƂAႢ҂gĂȂȐIf֎~B҂̉f悪~XxƒmĂƂłAL͔ƍ߂łBĆA萳mȐvĂB̗RɂA2256(8)(D)́AAߓx̍LĐłACᔽłB
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ȏ̗RɂA$2256(8)(B)$2256(8)(D)̋֎~́Aߓx̍LĐłጛłB̌_ɂȀ͞Bł̂ŖłƂil̎咣͎g܂ȂĂǂB
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